浅谈农业水利灌溉中节水的有效措施
JIESHUINONGYEJISHUTIXISHIWEILECHONGFENLIYONGNONGYONGSHUIZIYUAN,TIGAOGUANGAISHUIDELIYONGLVHELIYONGXIAOLV,SHINONGZUOWUDADAOGAOCHANERCAIQUDEJISHUCUOSHI。TASHIYOUSHUIZIYUAN、GONGCHENG、NONGYE、GUANLIDENGHUANJIEDEJIESHUIJISHUZUCHENGDEZONGHEJISHUTIXI:KEXUEDEYUNYONGZHEIYIJISHUTIXI,KEYOUXIAODETIGAONONGYONGSHUIZIYUANDEZHENGTILIYONGLV、ZENGJIADANWEIMIANJIHEZONGTIMIANJINONGZUOWUDECHANLIANG,TIGAOZONGHEXIAOYI,CUJINNONGYEJINGJIDECHIXUWENDINGFAZHAN。
SHUIZIYUANHELIKAIFALIYONGJISHUTIXI。NONGYONGSHUIZIYUANBAOKUODIMIANSHUI、DIXIASHUI、TURANGSHUIHEJINGGUOJINGHUACHULIDEKELIYONGFEISHUI。TADEHELIKAIFALIYONG,XUYAOCAIQUDUOXIANGGONGCHENGCUOSHI,RUDISHANGSHUIHEDIXIASHUIHELIKAIFALIYONGJISHU、JIJINGCESHIGAIZAOJISHUHEDUOSHUIYUANZONGHELIYONGJISHUDENG。GUANGAIGONGCHENGJIESHUIJISHUTIXI。GUANGAIGONGCHENGJIESHUIJISHUSHIJIESHUINONGYEJISHUTIXIDEHEXINNEIRONG,YESHIJIESHUIXIAOGUODEJISHUCUOSHI。ZHUYAOBAOKUODIYAGUANDAOGUANGAIJISHU、PENGUANJISHU、WEIGUANJISHU、QUDAOFANGSHENJISHU、MOSHANGGUANJISHUHEGAIJINGOUQIGUANGAIJISHUDENG。
1.NONGYESHUILIGUANGAIMOSHIFENXI
NONGYEJIESHUIJISHUTIXI。NONGYEJIESHUIJISHUTIXIZHUYAOBAOKUOXUSHUIBAOSHANGGENGZUOJISHU、SHIYUZHONGZHITIGAOZUOWUKANGHANNENGLIDEZAIPEIJISHU、JIEGANFUGAIHUODIMOFUGAIBAOSHANGJISHU、HUAXUEYAOJIKANGZAOBAOSHANGYUBAOSHUIJIYINGYONGJISHU、XIANEGUANGAIJIJIESHUIKANGZAOZUOWUPINZHONGXUANYUJISHUDENG。JIESHUIGUANLIJISHUTIXI。ZHUYAOSHIJIANLIJIANQUANGEZHONGGUANSHUIZUZHI,ZHIDINGGONGCHENGGUANLIHEJINGYINGGUANLIZHIDU,ZUODAOJIHUAYONGSHUI,YOUHUAPEISHUI,HELIZHENGSHOUSHUIFEI。
1.1QUDAOFANGSHENJISHU
QUDAOSHIWOGUONONGTIANGUANGAIDEZHUYAOSHUSHUIFANGSHI。DANCHUANTONGDETUQUSHUSHUISHENLOUSUNSHIYUEZHANSHUILIANGDE50%~60%,YINCI,QUDAOFANGSHENYIZHISHIWOGUOFAZHANJIESHUIGUANGAIDEZHUYAOJISHUCUOSHI。ANFANGSHENCAILIAOKEFENWEITULIAOYASHI、SANHETUHUMIAN、ZHUANYOUCHENQI、HUNNINGTUCHENQI、SULIAOBOMOFANGSHENHELIQINGHUMIANFANGSHENDENG。QUDAOFANGSHENJISHUDEJIESHUITEDIANSHI:JIANSHAOQUXISHUSHUIGUOCHENGZHONGDESHUILIANGSHENLOUSUNSHI,TIGAOQUXISHUILIYONGXISHU,TIGAOQUDAOSHUSHUIANQUANBAOZHENGLV,TIGAOQUDAOKANGCHONGNENGLI,ZENGJIASHUSHUINENGLI。
1.2PENGUANJISHU
PENGUANSHIPENSAGUANGAIDEJIANCHENG,TASHILIYONGZHUANMENDESHEBEI(DONGLIJI、SHUIBENG、GUANDAODENG)BASHUIJIA,HUOLIYONGSHUIDEZIRANLUOCHAJIANGYOUSHUISONGDAOGUANGAIDIDUAN,TONGGUOPENSAQI(PENTOU )PENSHEDAOKONGZHONGSANCHENGXIXIAODESHUIDI,JUNYUNDISANBUJINXINGGUANGAI。PENGUANXITONG,YIBANBAOKUOSHUIYUANGONGCHENG、DONGLIJI、SHUIBENG、GEZHONGGUANDAO、PENTOUJIKONGZHISHEBEIDENG。PENGUANXITONGFENWEIGUDINGSHI、BANGUDINGSHIHEYIDONGSHISANZHONG:GUDINGSHIPENGUANXITONGGEZUCHENGBUFENHUOZHEDOU DINGBUDONG,HUOZHECHUPENTOUWAI,QITABUFENGUDINGBUDONG;BANGUDINGSHIPENGUANXITONGCHUPENHEZHUANGYOUPENTOUDEZHIGUANKEZAIDIMIANYIDONGWAI,QIYUBUFENGUDINGBUDONG,GUANPIANYUSHUISHUANLIANJIE;YIDONGSHIPENGUANXITONGCHUSHUIYUAN(TANG、JING、DAODENG)GUDINGWAI,DONGLIJI、SHUIBENG、GUANDAO、PENTOUDOUKEYIYIDONG。
2.NONGYESHUILIGUANGAIZHONGJIESHUICUNZAIDEWENTI
YISHIJIESHUIGUANGAIXINJISHU、XINSHEBEITUIGUANGLIDUXIAO,PEN、DIGUANDENGJIESHUIGUANGAIJISHUMUQIANYEJINJUXIANYONGYUJINGJIZUOWU,ZHISHIZUOWEISHIFANGONGCHENG,YOUDAIYUZAIGENGDAFANWEIHEGENGDAGUIMOTUIGUANG。
ERSHIGUANQUHEJIESHUIGUANGAIGONGCHENGDOUCUNZAIBUTONGCHENGDUDECHANQUANGUANXIBUMING,GUANLIZHIZEBUQING,ZHENGSHIQIBUFEN,JIANDUJILIJIZHIQUEFA,GUANLICUFANG、DIAODUBULINGHUODENGWENTI。
SANSHISHOUJINGJILIYIYINGXIANG,SHUIZIYUANXIANGDUICHONGZUDIFANGDENONGMINDUIGAOJIESHUIGUANGAIJIJIXINGBUGAO。
SISHIZIJINTOURUBUGOU,YIJIANGUANGAIGONGCHENGWEIHUZIJINBUZU、LAOHUASHIXIU,GUANGAIMIANJIJIGUANGAIXIAOYIZHUNIANSHUAIJIANHEJIANGDI,XINJIANJIESHUIGUANGAIGONGCHENGJIANSHEZIJINDUANQUE,TEBIESHIPEITAOZIJINWANGWANGBUDAOWEI,DABUDAOYINGYOUDEFAZHANGUIMO。
WUSHIYOUXIEDIFANGZAITUIGUANGXIANJINJIESHUIJISHUGUOCHENGZHONGBUNENGGOUYINDIZHIYIZHIDINGGUIHUA,KEXINGXINGLUNZHENGBUGOU,CUNZAIZHENDUIXINGCHADEWENTI,ZHISHIYOUXIEJIESHUIGONGCHENGBUNENGZHENGCHANGFAHUIXIAOYI。
LIUSHIJIESHUIGUANGAIGONGCHENGSHEBEIZHILIANGCANCHABUQI,SHEBEIBUPEITAO,BIAOZHUNHUA、XILIEHUACHENGDUCHA,WEIXIUFUWUGENBUSHANG。HENDUOGONGCHENGSHEBEIYINZHILIANGWENTIHUOWEIHUWEIXIUBUJISHIDENGYUANYIN,DAOZHIGONGCHENGSHIYONGSHOUMINGDUAN,SUNHUAILVGAODENG,YINGXIANGLEJIESHUIGUANGAIJISHUDETUIGUANG。
3.JIAKUAIFAZHANJIESHUIGUANGAIDECUOSHI
3.1ZHANZAIKECHIXUFAZHANDEGAODU,TONGCHOUKAOLVNONGYEJIESHUI MUQIANDENONGYEJIESHUIFANGSHI,WUFAGENBENGAISHANQUESHUIZHUANGKUANG。WEILEKANGHANBAOFENGSHOUHEZENGJIALIANGSHICHANLIANG,RENMENYIFANGMIANZAIDAGENGDUO、GENGSHENDEJING,LINGYIFANGMIANJIESHUIGUANGAISHENGXIADESHUIYOUBEIYONGLAIKUODAGUANGAIMIANJI,BINGFEIYIYISHANGDEZIYUANXINGJIESHUI。WEICI,YAOZHANZAIKECHIXUFAZHANDEGAODU,CONGGENGHONGGUANDEJIAODUTONGCHOUKAOLVNONGYEJIESHUI。YINWEINONGYEJIESHUIBUJINJINSHIYIGEGONGCHENGWENTI、JISHUWENTI,ERQIESHIYIGESHEHUIWENTI、JINGJIWENTI。TASHEJINONGYEZHONGZHIJIEGOUDIAOZHENG、NONGCUNJIATINGLIANCHANCHENGBAOZERENZHIJINGYINGFANGSHI、CHANYEJIEGOUDIAOZHENG、ZHONGLIANGXIAOYIHENONGMINDEQIESHENLIYIDENGZHUDUOFANGMIAN。ZHEIXIEWENTIDOUBUSHIYIGEBUMENSUONENGJIEJUEDE。YINCI,XUYAODUOGEBUMENMIQIEPEIHE,JINMIXIEZUO,TONGCHOUKAOLVZHIYUENONGYEJIESHUIFAZHANDEGEZHONGYINSU,ZHENDUISHIJIQINGKUANG,ZHIDINGCHUYITAOWANZHENGDEQIESHIKEXINGDEJIESHUINONGYEJISHUTIXI。
3.2HELIGUIHUA
GUANQUDEDIMIANSHUILIYONGBAOKUOQUNEILANXUYUQUWAIYINSHUIXITONG,TONGGUOFENXIKEYIHUODEDUONIANDEKEGONGSHUIZIYUANGUOCHENG。GUANQUDIXIAQIANSHUICENGKESHIWEIYIGEDIAOJIESHUIKU,QIBUJILIANGBAOKUOJIANGYUBUJI,QUDAO、PAISHUIGOUSHENLOUBUJI,QUWAIDIXIASHUICEXIANGBUJI,QUNEIDIXIASHUIYUECENGBUJIYIJIRENGONGHUIGUANDENG;QIXIAOHAOLIANGBAOKUOZHENGFA、CHULIUYUKAICAI。LIANGZHONGSHUIYUANTONGYIDIAODU,KEANQUYUJUNHENGFAHUODIXIASHUIFEIWENDINGLIUFANGFAJINXINGJUNHENGFENXI;ZAIYIDINGDEKAICAIBUJUTIAOJIANXIA,YIQUEDINGHELIDEKAICAIQIANGDU,HUOZAIYIDINGKAICAIQIANGDUXIAQUEDINGDIBIAOSHUIDUIDIXIASHUIDEBUJILIANGJIXIANGYINGDEBUJIQUYU,HUOGENJUBUJIFANGSHIHEKAICAIQIANGDUQUEDINGQUYUNEIKAICAIBUJU。ZAICHONGJIPINGYUANHUOHELIUDEZHONGXIAYOU,DIXIASHUIWEIJIAOGAO,WAIYINSHUIYUANKEKAOXINGDISHI,DANGRANYAOFAZHANJINGGUAN,YIJINGBUQU;RUODIXIASHUIYANZHONGCHAOCAI,JIUYAOJIANSHAOYONGSHUIHUOTONGYIKONGZHISHANGYOUYINSHUI,XIUJIANDANGDIXUSHUIGONGCHENG,LIYONGHELIUSHUIYUANYINSHUICUNXUHUOHUIGUANDIXIASHUI。JISHIZAIYIGEGUANQUNEI,DIMIANSHUI、DIXIASHUIDEDONGTAIGUILVYEBUTONG,HUOZHESHANGYOUJINGQUJIEHE,YIQUWEIZHU,XIAYOUJINGQUJIEHE,YIJINGWEIZHU。
3.3JIANLINONGYEJIESHUIBUZHUZIJINZHIDU,JIADANONGYEJIESHUITOUZILIDU XIANXINGDENONGYEJIESHUIGONGCHENGTOUZIZHUYAOKAOJITICHUZI,NONGMINCHOUZI,GUOJIABUZHUJIANSHE。GONGCHENGYICIXINGTOUZIJIAODA,GUOJIABUZHUZIJINQUEHENSHAO,DABUFENZIJINXUYAONONGMINZICHOUJIEJUE。ERDABUFENDIFANGQUNZHONGHAIBUFUYU,HENNANNACHUGENGDUODEQIANLAIGAONONGYEJIESHUIGONGCHENG。YINCI,GEJIZHENGFUYAOBANONGYEJIESHUIGONGZUONARENZHONGYAOYISHIRICHENG,XINGCHENGYIZHONGZHIDU,CONGZHENGCE、ZIJINDENGFANGMIANJIADAFUCHILIDU,CONGERQUELINONGYEJIESHUIDEZHONGYAOXING,YINDAOQUANSHEHUIDOULAIGUANXINSHUI、AIXISHUI、BAOHUSHUI。
3.4GAOHAOZHONGDICHANTIANJIESHUIGUANGAI XUANZESHIDANGDEJIESHUIGUANGAIJISHU,YINDIZHIYIDEZHIDINGFAZHANGUIHUA,QIEJIMANGMUYINJIN,MANGMUGAOBUSHIHEDANGDITUIGUANGDE“YANGBANGONGCHENG”。ZHONGDICHANTIANGAIZAOYILIEWEIJINHOUNONGYEDEZHUGONGFANGXIANG,XIANGZHONGDICHANTIANYAOXIAOYI,KUODAJIESHUIGUANGAIMIANJI。DUIYANJIANDIGAOHAOYISHUICHONGYAN、YISHUIYAJIANHETURANGGAILIANG,YANJIUZHIDINGSHIYIDECHONGXIDINGEHEJIESHUIJISHUCUOSHI。